How Copper Foil Roughness Affects Your Signals and Impedance, Blog

The history of engineering, both electrical and mechanical, is littered with approximations that have fallen by the wayside. These approximations worked well for a time and helped advance technology significantly over the decades. However, any model has limits on its applicability, and the typical RLCG transmission line model and frequency-independent impedance equations are no different.

The Quest for Smoother Copper May Have Reached Its Limit

Roughness of Copper and its Effect on Signal Integrity

Understanding Copper Weight and Current Carrying Capacity

PDF) Analysis of copper treatments and the effects on signal

Practical Method for Modeling Conductor Surface Roughness Using

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Stackup Beware: Case Study of the Effects on Transmission Line

Journal Vol 14 No 2

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Difference Between Microstrip and Stripline

Copper Foil Surface Roughness for 5G Printed Circuit Boards